Earthworm communities along a forest-coffee agroecosystem gradient: preliminary evidence supporting the habitat-dependent feeding hypothesis

نویسندگان

  • JOSÉ A. AMADOR
  • KRISTOPHER WINIARSKI
  • DAVID SOTOMAYOR-RAMIREZ
چکیده

Earthworms often constitute an important component of agricultural foodwebs. As such, knowledge of their feeding preferences is relevant to the sustainable management of carbon and nutrient cycling in agroecosystems. We used natural abundances of stable isotopes (δ13C and δ15N) in earthworms and two of their putative food sources soil and leaf litter to test hypotheses regarding the feeding plasticity of earthworm communities of secondary forests (FOR) and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) farms with differing management practices (partial shade (SHD) or full sunlight (SUN)) in western-central Puerto Rico. Previous analysis of earthworm abundance indicated that 96 100 % of the earthworms in these ecosystems were endogeic, suggesting that their diet should consist primarily of soil across ecosystem types (habitatindependent hypothesis). There were clear differences in food sources utilized by earthworm communities among ecosystem types, as indicated by the magnitude of differences in the δ13C and δ15N of earthworms and their putative food sources. These results suggest that, despite being made up almost entirely of endogeic species, there may be considerable dietary plasticity among earthworm communities from different ecosystems (habitat-dependent hypothesis). We found the magnitude of differences in both δ13C and δ15N between earthworms and their putative food sources differed by habitat type, increasing with greater plant diversity (SUN < SHD < FOR), a pattern associated with feeding at higher trophic levels. Our results provide preliminary support for the habitat-dependent hypothesis to explain the feeding behavior of earthworm communities dominated by endogeic species in common tropical ecosystems with differing habitat complexity. Resumen: Las lombrices son un componente importante de las redes tróficas agrícolas. Por ello, conocer sus preferencias alimentarias es relevante para la gestión sostenible de los ciclos de carbono y nutrientes en los agroecosistemas. Usando las abundancias naturales de isótopos estables (δ13C y δ15N) en las lombrices y dos de sus supuestas fuentes de alimento suelo y mantillo probamos hipótesis relacionadas con la plasticidad alimentaria en comunidades de lombrices de bosques secundarios (FOR) y cafetales (Coffea arabica L.) con prácticas de manejo diferentes (sombra parcial [SHD] o pleno sol [SUN]) en el centro oeste de Puerto Rico. Un análisis previo de la abundancia de lombrices de tierra indicó que 96 100 % de las lombrices de tierra en estos ecosistemas son endogeas, lo que sugiere que su dieta debería consistir básicamente de suelo en los varios tipos de ecosistemas (hipótesis de la independencia del hábitat). Hubo diferencias claras en las fuentes de alimento utilizadas por las comunidades de lombrices entre tipos de ecosistema, de acuerdo con la magnitud de las diferencias en δ13C y δ15N de las lombrices y sus supuestas fuentes de alimento. Estos resultados sugieren que a pesar de consistir casi completamente de especies endogeas, podría haber una plasticidad *Corresponding Author; e-mail: [email protected] 366 EARTHWORM FEEDING PATTERNS ALONG A FOREST-COFFEE AGROECOSYSTEM GRADIENT considerable en las dietas entre comunidades de lombrices de ecosistemas diferentes (hipótesis de dependencia del hábitat). La magnitud de las diferencias tanto en δ13C como en δ15N entre las lombrices y sus supuestas fuentes de alimento difirieron de manera creciente entre hábitats con una mayor diversidad vegetal (SUN < SHD < FOR), patrón asociado con la alimentación en niveles tróficos superiores. Los resultados apoyan de forma preliminar la hipótesis de la dependencia del hábitat para explicar el comportamiento alimentario de comunidades de lombrices dominadas por especies endogeas en ecosistemas tropicales comunes que difieren en complejidad de hábitat. Resumo: As minhocas constituem muitas vezes uma componente importante de cadeias alimentares agrícolas. Como tal, o conhecimento de suas preferências alimentares é relevante para a gestão sustentável dos ciclos do carbono e nutrientes nos agro-ecossistemas. Usou-se a abundância natural de isótopos estáveis (δ13C e δ15N) nas minhocas e em duas das suas fontes putativas de alimento solo e manta morta para testar hipóteses sobre a plasticidade alimentar em comunidades de minhocas em florestas secundárias (FOR) e cafezais (Coffea arabica L.) com diferentes tipos de manejo (sombra parcial (SHD) ou a pleno sol (SUN)) no centro oeste de Porto Rico. Uma análise prévia da abundância de minhocas indicou que 96 100 % das minhocas nestes ecossistemas eram endogénicas, sugerindo que sua dieta deve consistir principalmente de solo em todos os tipos de ecossistemas (hipótese de independência do habitat). Havia diferenças claras nas fontes de alimento utilizados pelas comunidades de minhocas entre tipos de ecossistema, de acordo com a magnitude das diferenças nas δ13C e δ15N das minhocas e as suas fontes alimentares putativas. Estes resultados sugerem que, apesar de consistir quase inteiramente de espécies endogénicas, poderá haver uma plasticidade alimentar considerável entre as comunidades de minhocas de diferentes ecossistemas (hipótese de dependência do habitat). A dimensão das diferenças em δ13C com em δ15N entre as minhocas e suas fontes alimentares putativas diferem de uma forma crescente entre tipos de habitats com uma maior diversidade da vegetação, (SUN < SHD < FOR), padrão associado com a alimentação em níveis tróficos superiores. Os nossos resultados apoiam de forma preliminar a hipótese de dependência do habitat para explicar o comportamento alimentar de comunidades de minhocas dominadas por espécies endogénicas em ecossistemas tropicais comuns que diferem em complexidade de habitats.

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تاریخ انتشار 2013